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Мониторинг жёстких дисков в Linux (Smart)
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Smartmontools

Ставим:
apt-get install smartmontools

Получить информацию о диске:
smartctl -a /dev/sdb

Критичные параметры:
Reallocated_Sector (переназначение секторов) - в идеале ноль.

Пример выхлопа для винта, который посыпался...
smartctl 6.4 2014-10-07 r4002 [x86_64-linux-3.16.0-4-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-14, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 7200.14 (AF)
Device Model: ST2000DM001-1CH164
Serial Number: W1E2MKPF
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 05b9f5fef
Firmware Version: CC24
User Capacity: 2В 000В 398В 934В 016 bytes [2,00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 7200 rpm
Form Factor: 3.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Thu Oct 22 11:27:58 2015 MSK
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 584) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x73) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 231) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3085) SCT Status supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 119 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 208625552
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 098 098 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 5
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 099 099 010 Pre-fail Always - 591
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 100 253 030 Pre-fail Always - 188839
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 085 085 000 Old_age Always - 13743
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 144
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 064 064 000 Old_age Always - 36
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 4 4 4
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 095 095 000 Old_age Always - 5
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 071 067 045 Old_age Always - 29 (Min/Max 28/29)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 130
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 1196
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 029 040 000 Old_age Always - 29 (0 17 0 0 0)
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 081 081 000 Old_age Always - 3273
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 081 081 000 Old_age Offline - 3273
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 484h+47m+42.696s
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 38038827901
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 13319460109

SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 36 (device log